Civil works are divided into various categories like structural, environmental, transportation, and geotechnical engineering with focus on ensuring safety, durability, and sustainability.
Site Clearing: Removal of vegetation, debris, and topsoil from the construction site.
Excavation: Digging the ground to create foundations, basements, and other substructures.
Backfilling: Replacing soil around the foundation after concrete work is completed.
Deep Foundations: Piles or drilled shafts, used when the soil near the surface isn’t strong enough to support the load.
Reinforcement: Steel bars are often placed within the foundation trenches or forms to provide additional strength.Concrete Pouring:
Concrete is poured into the forms to create the foundation, which must be cured properly to gain strength.
Wall Construction: Using blocks, bricks, or stones to build walls. This involves laying the units in courses with mortar, ensuring alignment and plumb.
Lintels and Arches: Installing horizontal structures over openings like doors and windows to bear the load from above.
Columns, Beams, and Slabs: Erecting vertical (columns) and horizontal (beams) elements, followed by pouring slabs (floors).
Reinforcement and Formwork: Steel reinforcements are placed according to design specifications, and temporary wooden or steel forms are used to shape the concrete.
Curing: Ensuring that the concrete is kept moist for a certain period to attain the required strength.
Trusses and Rafters: The framework supporting the roof is installed, which could be wooden, steel, or concrete.Roof Covering: Applying materials like tiles, shingles, or metal sheets to protect the structure from weather elements.
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